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1 production declines
= production decreases производство уменьшается -
2 production decreases
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3 production
n1) изготовление; производство2) продукция•to cut (back) production — свертывать / сокращать производство
to diversify production — диверсифицировать / разнообразить продукцию
to limit production — ограничивать / сокращать производство
- anarchy of productionto reduce production — свертывать / сокращать производство
- animal production
- annual production
- arms production
- atomic power and energy production
- automation of production
- batch production
- coal production
- commercial production
- commodity production
- comprehensive mechanization of production
- continuous production
- costs of production
- crop production
- current production
- curtailment ofproduction
- cutback of production
- cuts in production
- daily production
- decline in production
- domestic production
- drop in production
- economically effective production
- effectiveness of production
- end production
- energy production - fertilizer production
- fishing production
- flexible production
- flow production
- food production
- full-scale production of the neutron bomb
- global production
- high production
- high-cost production
- highly organized production
- highly remunerative production
- improvement of effectiveness of production
- improvement of production
- individual production
- industrial production
- joint production
- labor-intensive production
- lagging industrial production
- large-scale production - line production
- machine mode of production
- mass production
- material production
- means of production
- mechanized production
- mode of production
- nonspecialized production
- nonwaste production
- per capita production
- per head production
- pilot production
- planned production
- power production
- production advances rapidly
- production declines
- production decreases
- production falls
- production increases
- production of consumer goods
- production of illicit alcohol
- production of means of production
- production outstrips demand
- production rises
- profitable production
- public production
- rate of production
- runaway production
- scale of production
- self-reliance in production
- self-sufficiency in production
- serial production
- short-run production
- small-scale production
- social character of production
- social production - sphere of material production
- stagnant production
- steel production
- structure of industrial production
- subsidiary production
- subsistence production
- switchover from military to civilian production
- technical reequipment of production - total world production
- unequally distributed food production
- uninterrupted development of production
- unprofitable production - war production
- waste-free production
- wasteful production
- wasteless production
- well organized production
- world production -
4 производство уменьшается
Русско-английский политический словарь > производство уменьшается
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5 decline
dɪˈklaɪn
1. сущ.
1) а) падение, спад, упадок;
прям. перен. конец, закат History of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. ≈ История упадка и гибели Римской империи. At dawn, at mid-day, and decline. ≈ На рассвете, в полдень и на закате. go into a decline suffer a decline on the decline Syn: decay, diminution, deterioration б) коммерч. снижение цен The market was weak, but declines were unimportant. ≈ Рынок был не в лучшем состоянии, но снижения цен были незначительны. в) ухудшение, угасание( здоровья, жизненного уровня и т. п.)
2) изнурительная болезнь (туберкулез и т.п.)
3) редк. склон, уклон The frightful precipitation of a railway train down a decline. ≈ Ужасное зрелище спускающегося на полной скорости с холма поезда.
2. гл.
1) а) спускаться вниз( о поверхности и т.п.) The ground on each side declining gently. ≈ Земля по обеим сторонам немного под гору. б) наклонять(ся), склонять(ся), клонить(ся) The wearisome creatures of the world declining to their rest. ≈ Уставшие земные твари ложатся отдыхать. decline one's head on one's breast Syn: bend down, bow down, droop в) заходить( о небесном теле) As the Moon, having passed the meridian, declines. ≈ Луна тем временем пересекла меридиан и заходит. ∙ Syn: slant, slope
2) а) идти к концу;
приходить в упадок;
ухудшаться (о здоровье, жизненном уровне и т. п.) The day declined. ≈ День клонился к вечеру. The summer declined. ≈ Близилась осень. Syn: decay, wane, diminish, deteriorate б) уменьшаться, идти на убыль;
спадать( о температуре) Syn: decrease в) книж. падать морально
3) а) отклонять, давать отказ;
отказываться She declined to address the delegates. ≈ Она отказалась выступить перед делегатами. Being aware of this, Allen would have declined the gift. ≈ Зная это, Аллен хотел отказаться от подарка. б) шахм. не соглашаться на обмен;
не брать предложенную пешку (в гамбите)
4) грам. склонять(ся) (об именных частях речи, но также иногда и о глаголе) This noun declines in the following way. ≈ Это существительное склоняется так. Pupils were declining latin nouns. ≈ Ученики склоняли латинские существительные. Syn: inflect падение, упадок, спад - the * of art упадок искусства - * of business спад деловой активности - on the *, in * в состоянии упадка - culture in * культура в состоянии упадка - the family was definitely in a * не было сомнений, что счастье изменило этой семье - to suffer moral and spiritual * переживать нравственный и духовный упадок убыль;
истощение, падение - * of a well (горное) истощение скважины понижение - * in prices понижение цен - these shares have experienced a * курс этих акций понизился ухудшение (здоровья) - * of /in/ strength упадок сил - gradual * постепенное одряхление период затихания (болезни) - the * of a fever понижение температуры /жара/ склон, конец, закат - the * of the moon ущерб луны - the * of the day закат - on the * на ущербе - the * of life закат жизни, старость изнурительная болезнь, особ. чахотка - to die of a * умереть от чахотки - to be in a * чахнуть;
болеть чахоткой - to go /to fall/ into a * зачахнуть;
подхватить чахотку хандра, депрессия - he was going into one of his *s им снова овладевала депрессия, он снова погружался в хандру (ботаника) увядание, вилт( редкое) уклон, понижение, скат опускаться;
идти вниз, под уклон - the road *s дорога идет под уклон наклоняться;
клониться заходить (о солнце) - the sun is declining солнце заходит - the day begins to * (to its close) день склоняется к вечеру уменьшаться, убывать, идти на убыль - to * considerably значительно сокращаться - the prices began to * цены стали падать - his fortune *d его состояние уменьшилось - his years are beginning to * (его) годы идут на убыль, старость не за горами угасать - the earlier fervour is declining пыл прежних лет постепенно угасает спадать( о температуре) - the fever has *d жар спал( у больного) приходить в упадок - the arts *d ремесла пришли в упадок - business *d в делах наступил застой;
дела шли все хуже приходить в расстройство;
ухудшаться;
ослабевать;
чахнуть - his health *d considerably его здоровье сильно расстроилось /расшаталось/;
он очень сдал - his courage began to * мужество стало изменять ему - their strength has *d их силы шли на убыль отклонять, отводить, отвергать - to * an offer отклонить предложение - to * a discussion уклониться от участия в дискуссии - to * battle уклониться от боя, не принять бой - to * to answer questions отказаться отвечать на вопросы - to * satisfying smb.'s curiosity отказаться удовлетворить чье-л. любопытство - his novel was *d его роман отклонили /не приняли/ - I * to be intimidated я не позволю запугать себя;
вам меня не запугать отказываться - to * with thanks отказаться с благодарностью( шахматное) отклонять (жертву), не принимать( гамбит) наклонять, склонять - to * one's head on one's breast склонить /уронить/ голову на грудь (грамматика) склонять (устаревшее) отклоняться, отходить, отступать( от принятого образца) - to * from virtue сойти со стези добродетели ~ падение, упадок, спад;
business decline спад деловой активности decline идти к концу ~ идти на убыль ~ клониться, наклоняться;
заходить (о солнце) ~ конец, закат (жизни, дня) ~ наклонять, склонять;
to decline one's head on one's breast склонить (или уронить) голову на грудь ~ ослабевать ~ отвергать ~ отводить ~ отказывать(ся) ~ отклонять (предложение и т. п.) ;
отказывать(ся) ~ отклонять ~ падать ~ падение, упадок, спад;
business decline спад деловой активности ~ падение ~ понижаться ~ понижение ~ приходить в расстройство ~ приходить в упадок;
ухудшаться (о здоровье, жизненном уровне и т. п.) ~ приходить в упадок ~ склон, уклон ~ грам. склонять ~ снижаться ~ снижение( цены) ~ снижение ~ снижение жизненного уровня ~ спад ~ изнурительная болезнь, особ. туберкулез ~ убыль населения ~ уменьшаться, идти на убыль;
спадать (о температуре) ~ ухудшаться ~ ухудшение (здоровья, жизненного уровня и т. п.) ~ in business activity спад деловой активности ~ in consumption спад потребления ~ in employment снижение занятости ~ in population снижение прироста населения ~ in population убыль населения ~ in production снижение производительности ~ in production сокращение производства ~ in production спад производства ~ in real wages снижение реальной заработной платы ~ in sales снижение объема сбыта ~ in sales снижение уровня продаж ~ in trade спад в торговле ~ in turnover снижение оборота ~ in unemployment снижение уровня безработицы ~ in value снижение стоимости ~ in value снижение ценности on the ~ на ущербе, на склоне;
the decline of the moon луна на ущербе ~ наклонять, склонять;
to decline one's head on one's breast склонить (или уронить) голову на грудь economic ~ спад экономической активности interest rate ~ снижение ставки процента on the ~ в состоянии упадка on the ~ на ущербе, на склоне;
the decline of the moon луна на ущербе order ~ снижение сорта seasonal ~ сезонный спад деловой активности -
6 disminuir
v.1 to reduce.2 to decrease.El medicamento disminuyó la fiebre The drug decreased the fever.Me disminuyó la temperatura My temperature decreased.3 to diminish, to decrease, to fall off, to drop off.El calor disminuyó The heat diminished.4 to lessen, to take down, to humiliate, to deflate.Su actitud disminuyó a su hijo His attitude lessened his son.5 to have less.Te disminuyó la fiebre You have less fever.* * *1 (gen) to decrease2 (medidas, velocidad) to reduce1 (gen) to diminish2 (temperatura, precios) to drop, fall* * *verb1) to decrease2) drop, fall* * *1. VT1) (=reducir) [+ nivel, precio, gastos, intereses] to reduce, bring down; [+ riesgo, incidencia, dolor] to reduce, lessen; [+ temperatura] to lower, bring down; [+ prestigio, autoridad] to diminish, lessen; [+ fuerzas] to sap; [+ entusiasmo] to dampenalgunos bancos han disminuido en un 0,15% sus tipos de interés — some banks have reduced o brought down their interest rates by 0.15%
disminuyó la velocidad para tomar la curva — she slowed down o reduced her speed to go round the bend
esta medicina me disminuye las fuerzas — this medicine is making me weaker o sapping my strength
2) (Cos) [+ puntos] to decrease2. VI1) (=decrecer) [número, población] to decrease, drop, fall; [temperatura, precios] to drop, fall; [distancia, diferencia, velocidad, tensión] to decrease; [fuerzas, autoridad, poder] to diminish; [días] to grow shorter; [luz] to fade; [prestigio, entusiasmo] to dwindleha disminuido la tasa de natalidad — the birth rate has decreased o dropped o fallen
el número de asistentes ha disminuido últimamente — attendance has decreased o dropped o fallen recently
ya le está disminuyendo la fiebre — his temperature is dropping o falling now
el paro disminuyó en un 0,3% — unemployment dropped o fell by 0.3%
con esta pastilla te disminuirá el dolor — this tablet will relieve o ease your pain
2) (=empeorar) [memoria, vista] to fail3) (Cos) [puntos] to decrease* * *1.verbo intransitivo1) ( menguar) número/cantidad to decrease, drop, fall; entusiasmo/interés to wane, diminish; precios/temperaturas to drop, fall; poder/fama to diminish; dolor to diminish, lessendisminuyó la intensidad del viento — the wind died down o dropped
2) ( al tejer) to decrease2.disminuir vt1) ( reducir) <gastos/costos/impuestos> to reduce, cut; < velocidad> to reduce; <número/cantidad> to reduce, diminish* * *= decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, fall off, reduce, relax, shrink, slow down, tail off, lower, dip, subside, mitigate, lessen, abate, decelerate, regress, wane, take + a dive, ebb, slacken, whittle (away/down/at), slow up, taper, scale back, remit, take + a dip, turn down.Ex. Library use declines during the June-October period when examinations have finished and the students are on vacation.Ex. Recall is inversely proportional to precision, and vice versa, or in other words, as one increases, the other must decrease.Ex. While another colleague of mine offered the wry comment that 'as the computer's capabilities have increased our expectations of what it can do have proportionally diminished'.Ex. Whereas this proportion is dwindling as a percentage of the total budget, agricultural spending continues to rise in real terms.Ex. When the recording procedures were removed study time fell off immediately.Ex. The disadvantage of inversion of words is that inversion or indirect word order reduces predictability of form of headings.Ex. Since the Federal Government has not been willing to relax import restrictions on books, academic librarians have had to devise a number of strategies for the survival of collection development.Ex. The 'false hit' problem still arises, but becomes less likely as the 'neighborhood' of the two words shrinks.Ex. However, the flight from DC appears to have slowed down more quickly than was anticipated, and we no longer read of large numbers of libraries making the change.Ex. In this unsettled atmosphere, it is not surprising that enthusiasm for membership of the Community should tail off.Ex. When a forme was in place on the press stone, paper was lowered on to it by means of a tympan and frisket.Ex. The proportions of books bought for children have been extraordinarily steady for four of the five years, only dipping at all appreciably in the last year of 1979-80.Ex. Her agitation subsided suddenly.Ex. Confusion caused by repetition of descriptive information in access points can be mitigated by careful screen design.Ex. Two possible solutions are possible: (1) to lessen the frequency of production, or (2) to reduce the amount of detail in the entries.Ex. As the sobbing abated, the secretary's voice regained some steadiness.Ex. Accumulation of new data bases is decelerating rapidly with the focus on deriving subsets from current files to serve niche markets.Ex. Interloans have regressed recently, despite the rapid advancement of the computer age.Ex. The population waxed again slightly, then waned again, until it finally stabilized around its present 55,000.Ex. The article 'Wages, hours, bookfunds take a dive' examines how some authorities are proposing cuts in wages to preserve services; others reducing bookfunds by as much as a quarter, or cutting their opening hours in half.Ex. Subsequently, library development stalled as cultural interaction ebbed from classical levels.Ex. The trend direct supply of books to schools shows no sign of slackening.Ex. However, such idealism is often whittled away over time by bureaucratic problems & organizational demands.Ex. Since cataloging is the most time consuming part of digitization, it has slowed up the placement of files.Ex. The tube in the two types tapers almost unnoticeably from base to tip.Ex. He first spotted trouble when she started being short with users and so he solved the problem by scaling back her workload.Ex. The fever was resolved and the skin lesions started to remit during the following 3 weeks.Ex. Sales took a dip in 2005 but exploded in 2006.Ex. Cytokines are small proteins used to communicate messages between the immune cells in the immune system to either turn up or down the immune response.----* atención + disminuir = attention + wane.* disminuir casi hasta su desaparación = drop to + near vanishing point.* disminuir de tamaño = dwindle in + size.* disminuir el riesgo = reduce + risk.* disminuir el valor de = belittle.* disminuir la importancia de = lessen + the importance of.* disminuir la marcha = slow down.* disminuir la posibilidad = lessen + possibility.* disminuir la probabilidad = reduce + chances.* disminuir las probabilidades = lengthen + the odds.* disminuir la velocidad = slow up.* sin disminuir = non-decreasing, unabated.* * *1.verbo intransitivo1) ( menguar) número/cantidad to decrease, drop, fall; entusiasmo/interés to wane, diminish; precios/temperaturas to drop, fall; poder/fama to diminish; dolor to diminish, lessendisminuyó la intensidad del viento — the wind died down o dropped
2) ( al tejer) to decrease2.disminuir vt1) ( reducir) <gastos/costos/impuestos> to reduce, cut; < velocidad> to reduce; <número/cantidad> to reduce, diminish* * *= decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, fall off, reduce, relax, shrink, slow down, tail off, lower, dip, subside, mitigate, lessen, abate, decelerate, regress, wane, take + a dive, ebb, slacken, whittle (away/down/at), slow up, taper, scale back, remit, take + a dip, turn down.Ex: Library use declines during the June-October period when examinations have finished and the students are on vacation.
Ex: Recall is inversely proportional to precision, and vice versa, or in other words, as one increases, the other must decrease.Ex: While another colleague of mine offered the wry comment that 'as the computer's capabilities have increased our expectations of what it can do have proportionally diminished'.Ex: Whereas this proportion is dwindling as a percentage of the total budget, agricultural spending continues to rise in real terms.Ex: When the recording procedures were removed study time fell off immediately.Ex: The disadvantage of inversion of words is that inversion or indirect word order reduces predictability of form of headings.Ex: Since the Federal Government has not been willing to relax import restrictions on books, academic librarians have had to devise a number of strategies for the survival of collection development.Ex: The 'false hit' problem still arises, but becomes less likely as the 'neighborhood' of the two words shrinks.Ex: However, the flight from DC appears to have slowed down more quickly than was anticipated, and we no longer read of large numbers of libraries making the change.Ex: In this unsettled atmosphere, it is not surprising that enthusiasm for membership of the Community should tail off.Ex: When a forme was in place on the press stone, paper was lowered on to it by means of a tympan and frisket.Ex: The proportions of books bought for children have been extraordinarily steady for four of the five years, only dipping at all appreciably in the last year of 1979-80.Ex: Her agitation subsided suddenly.Ex: Confusion caused by repetition of descriptive information in access points can be mitigated by careful screen design.Ex: Two possible solutions are possible: (1) to lessen the frequency of production, or (2) to reduce the amount of detail in the entries.Ex: As the sobbing abated, the secretary's voice regained some steadiness.Ex: Accumulation of new data bases is decelerating rapidly with the focus on deriving subsets from current files to serve niche markets.Ex: Interloans have regressed recently, despite the rapid advancement of the computer age.Ex: The population waxed again slightly, then waned again, until it finally stabilized around its present 55,000.Ex: The article 'Wages, hours, bookfunds take a dive' examines how some authorities are proposing cuts in wages to preserve services; others reducing bookfunds by as much as a quarter, or cutting their opening hours in half.Ex: Subsequently, library development stalled as cultural interaction ebbed from classical levels.Ex: The trend direct supply of books to schools shows no sign of slackening.Ex: However, such idealism is often whittled away over time by bureaucratic problems & organizational demands.Ex: Since cataloging is the most time consuming part of digitization, it has slowed up the placement of files.Ex: The tube in the two types tapers almost unnoticeably from base to tip.Ex: He first spotted trouble when she started being short with users and so he solved the problem by scaling back her workload.Ex: The fever was resolved and the skin lesions started to remit during the following 3 weeks.Ex: Sales took a dip in 2005 but exploded in 2006.Ex: Cytokines are small proteins used to communicate messages between the immune cells in the immune system to either turn up or down the immune response.* atención + disminuir = attention + wane.* disminuir casi hasta su desaparación = drop to + near vanishing point.* disminuir de tamaño = dwindle in + size.* disminuir el riesgo = reduce + risk.* disminuir el valor de = belittle.* disminuir la importancia de = lessen + the importance of.* disminuir la marcha = slow down.* disminuir la posibilidad = lessen + possibility.* disminuir la probabilidad = reduce + chances.* disminuir las probabilidades = lengthen + the odds.* disminuir la velocidad = slow up.* sin disminuir = non-decreasing, unabated.* * *viA (menguar) «número/cantidad» to decrease, drop, fall; «desempleo/exportaciones/gastos» to decrease, drop, fall; «entusiasmo» to wane, diminish; «interés» to wane, diminish, fall offel número de fumadores ha disminuido the number of smokers has dropped o fallen o decreasedlos impuestos no disminuyeron there was no decrease o cut in taxeslos casos de malaria han disminuido there has been a drop o fall o decrease in the number of malaria casesdisminuyó la intensidad del viento the wind died down o droppedla agilidad disminuye con los años one becomes less agile with ageB (al tejer) to decrease■ disminuirvtA (reducir) ‹gastos/costos› to reduce, bring down, cutdisminuimos la velocidad we reduced speedes un asunto muy grave y se intenta disminuir su importancia it is a very serious matter, and its importance is being played downel alcohol disminuye la rapidez de los reflejos alcohol slows down your reactionsB (al tejer) ‹puntos› to decrease* * *
disminuir ( conjugate disminuir) verbo intransitivo ( menguar) [número/cantidad] to decrease, fall;
[precios/temperaturas] to drop, fall;
[ dolor] to diminish, lessen
verbo transitivo ( reducir) ‹gastos/producción› to cut back on;
‹ impuestos› to cut;
‹velocidad/número/cantidad› to reduce
disminuir
I verbo transitivo to reduce: esto disminuye sus probabilidades de entrar en la Universidad, this lowers his chances of admission to the University
II verbo intransitivo to diminish: el calor ha disminuido, the heat has lessened
' disminuir' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aclararse
- atenuar
- bajar
- descender
- enfriar
- perder
- rebajar
- reducir
- reducirse
- velocidad
English:
cut back
- decline
- decrease
- die down
- diminish
- drop
- dwindle
- ease off
- ease up
- lessen
- lower
- odds
- reduce
- shrink
- sink
- slacken
- slacken off
- taper off
- thin out
- abate
- ease
- flag
- go
- let
- tail
- taper
- wane
* * *♦ vtto reduce, to decrease;disminuye la velocidad al entrar en la curva reduce speed as you go into the curve;pastillas que disminuyen el sueño tablets that prevent drowsiness;la lesión no ha disminuido su habilidad con el balón the injury hasn't affected his skill with the ball♦ vi[cantidad, velocidad, intensidad, contaminación] to decrease, to decline; [desempleo, inflación] to decrease, to fall; [precios, temperatura] to fall, to go down; [vista, memoria] to fail; [interés] to decline, to wane;disminuye el número de matriculaciones en la universidad university enrolments are down;medidas para que disminuyan los costes cost-cutting measures;no disminuye la euforia inversora investor enthusiasm continues unabated* * *II v/i decrease, diminish* * *disminuir {41} vtreducir: to reduce, to decrease, to lowerdisminuir vi1) : to lower2) : to drop, to fall* * *disminuir vb1. (reducir) to reduce -
7 decline
1. n падение, упадок, спадon the decline, in decline — в состоянии упадка
2. n убыль; истощение, падение3. n понижение4. n ухудшение5. n период затихания6. n склон, конец, закат7. n изнурительная болезнь,8. n хандра, депрессияhe was going into one of his declines — им снова овладевала депрессия, он снова погружался в хандру
9. n бот. увядание, вилт10. n редк. уклон, понижение, скат11. v опускаться; идти вниз, под уклон12. v наклоняться; клониться13. v заходить14. v уменьшаться, убывать, идти на убыль15. v угасать16. v спадать17. v приходить в упадок18. v приходить в расстройство; ухудшаться; ослабевать; чахнутьhis health declined considerably — его здоровье сильно расстроилось ; он очень сдал
19. v отклонять, отводить, отвергатьto decline battle — уклониться от боя, не принять бой
20. v отказываться21. v шахм. отклонять, не принимать22. v наклонять, склонять23. v грам. склонять24. v уст. отклоняться, отходить, отступатьСинонимический ряд:1. deterioration (noun) atrophy; decadence; decay; declension; declination; decrease; degeneracy; degeneration; degradation; degringolade; deterioration; devaluation; devolution; diminution; disintegration; dissolution; downfall; downgrade; ebb; ebbing; failure; ruin; waning; weakening; worsening2. dip (noun) declivity; descent; dip; dive; downslide; downswing; downtrend; downturn; drop; drop-off; fall; falloff; hill; incline; pitch; plunge; sag; skid; slide; slip; slope; slump; tumble3. abase (verb) abase; condescend; debase; lower oneself; stoop4. cheapen (verb) cheapen; decrease; depreciate; drop5. descend (verb) bend downward; descend; dip; droop; fall; fall off; go down; incline; sag; set; settle; slope6. refuse (verb) avoid; deny; desist; disapprove; dismiss; refuse; reject; repel; reprobate; repudiate; say no; spurn; turn down7. weaken (verb) corrode; decay; degenerate; deteriorate; die; disimprove; disintegrate; dwindle; fade; fail; flag; languish; retrograde; rot; sink; wane; waste; weaken; worsenАнтонимический ряд:accept; growth; improve; incline; increase; rise -
8 сокращаться
•Production will be down (or reduced) in the aircraft industry.
•Production has continued to decline (or drop, or fall off).
•In this atmosphere oxygen is reduced to 100 ppm.
•The life of the machine is impaired by excessive heating.
II (матем.)•The fraction 4/8 can be cancelled by 2.
•The first terms cancel out only because the second terms do not cancel.
•These terms appear both in the numerator and the denominator, so that they cancel.
III (анат.)•The muscles contract under the action of the acid.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > сокращаться
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9 Agriculture
Historically, Portugal's agricultural efficiency, measured in terms of crop yields and animal productivity, has been well below that of other European countries. Agricultural inefficiency is a consequence of Portugal's topography and climate, which varies considerably from north to south and has influenced farm size and farming methods. There are three major agricultural zones: the north, center, and south. The north (the area between the Douro and Minho Rivers, including the district of Trás-os-Montes) is mountainous with a wet (180-249 cm of rainfall/year), moderately cool climate. It contains about 2 million hectares of cultivated land excessively fragmented into tiny (3-5 hectares) family-owned farms, or minifúndios, a consequence of ancient settlement patterns, a strong attachment to the land, and the tradition of subdividing land equally among family members. The farms in the north produce the potatoes and kale that are used to make caldo verde soup, a staple of the Portuguese diet, and the grapes that are used to make vinho verde (green wine), a light sparkling white wine said to aid the digestion of oily and greasy food. Northern farms are too small to benefit from mechanization and their owners too poor to invest in irrigation, chemical fertilizers, or better seeds; hence, agriculture in the north has remained labor intensive, despite efforts to regroup minifúndios to increase farm size and efficiency.The center (roughly between the Douro and the Tagus River) is bisected by the Mondego River, the land to either side of which is some of the most fertile in Portugal and produces irrigated rice, corn, grapes, and forest goods on medium-sized (about 100 hectares) farms under a mixture of owner-cultivation and sharecropping. Portugal's center contains the Estrela Mountains, where sheep raising is common and wool, milk, and cheese are produced, especially mountain cheese ( Queijo da Serra), similar to French brie. In the valley of the Dão River, a full-bodied, fruity wine much like Burgundy is produced. In the southern part of the center, where the climate is dry and soils are poor, stock raising mixes with cereal crop cultivation. In Estremadura, the area north of Lisbon, better soils and even rainfall support intensive agriculture. The small farms of this area produce lemons, strawberries, pears, quinces, peaches, and vegetables. Estremadura also produces red wine at Colares and white wine at Buçelas.The south (Alentejo and Algarve) is a vast rolling plain with a hot arid climate. It contains about 2.6 million hectares of arable land and produces the bulk of Portugal's wheat and barley. It also produces one of Portugal's chief exports, cork, which is made from bark cut from cork oaks at nine-year intervals. There are vast groves of olive trees around the towns of Elvas, Serpa, and Estremoz that provide Portugal's olives. The warm climate of the Algarve (the most southern region of Portugal) is favorable for the growing of oranges, pomegranates, figs, and carobs. Almonds are also produced. Farms in the south, except for the Algarve, are large estates (typically 1,000 hectares or more in size) known as latifúndios, worked by a landless, wage-earning rural work force. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, these large estates were taken over by the state and turned into collective farms. During the 1990s, as the radicalism of the Revolution moderated, collectivized agriculture was seen as counterproductive, and the nationalized estates were gradually returned to their original owners in exchange for cash payments or small parcels of land for the collective farm workers.Portugal adopted the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) when it joined the European Union (EU) in 1986. The CAP, which is based on the principles of common pricing, EU preferences, and joint financing, has shifted much of Portugal's agricultural decision making to the EU. Under the CAP, cereals and dairy products have experienced declines in prices because these are in chronic surplus within the EU. Alentejo wheat production has become unprofitable because of poor soils. However, rice, tomatoes, sunflower, and safflower seed and potatoes, as well as Portuguese wines, have competed well under the CAP system.
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